Gauge Invariant Formulation and Bosonisation of the Schwinger Model

The functional integral of the massless Schwinger model in $(1+1)$ dimensions is reduced to an integral in terms of local gauge invariant quantities. It turns out that this approach leads to a natural bosonisation scheme, yielding, in particular the famous `bosonisation rule'' and giving some deeper insight into the nature of the bosonisation phenomenon. As an application, the chiral anomaly is calculated within this formulation.Comment: LaTeX, 8 page

Are Baby Boomers Saving Enough for Their Retirement?

Discusses factors that determine the amount of savings baby boomers need for retirement, including income and pre-retirement consumption levels, housing wealth, family type and size, and entitlement to Social Security and defined benefit pension plans

Will It Take a Crisis to Fix Fiscal Policy?

Explains how federal spending growth is driven by Social Security and Medicare, Medicaid, and other health costs, driven by the aging of the population; challenges for fiscal policy, including congressional dysfunction; and possible reactions to a crisis

Measuring Personal Saving: A Tale of American Profligacy

Outlines the two main measures of personal savings and their limitations in accurately reflecting Americans' savings over the last twenty years, and discusses an alternative measure that includes capital gains in household savings

Medicare Premiums and Social Security's Cost-of-Living Adjustments

Outlines how Medicare Part B and Part D premium hikes will cancel out the cost of living increases in Social Security benefits, severely affecting the lowest-income beneficiaries. Examines premium design characteristics and trends in premium growth

Topographic mapping of retinal function with the SLO-mfERG under simultaneous control of fixation in Best's disease

Purpose: To introduce the scanning laser ophthalmoscope-evoked mfERG (SLO-mfERG) as a new method to measure focal retinal function. Methods: Sixty-two healthy individuals and 12 patients with Best's disease were examined. mfERGs were recorded using a scanning laser ophthalmoscope as a stimulator and trigger device (He-Neon 632.8 nm) as well as a fundus-monitoring system (infrared 730 nm). Results: Amplitudes in the central concentric area were found to be significantly lower in patients with Best's disease than in healthy controls, while no significant differences were found for the more peripheral areas. Conclusion: SLO-mfERG is a reliable new technique for topographic mapping of retinal function under simultaneous control of fixation

The near-term outlook for fiscal policy

Fiscal policy ; Budget